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101.
Anderson AB 《Environmental management》2002,29(3):428-436
The Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA) program is the US Army's standard for land inventory and monitoring, employing standardized
methods of natural resources data collection, analyses, and reporting designed to meet multiple goals and objectives. Critical
to using LCTA data in natural resources management decisions is the ability of the LCTA protocols to detect changes in natural
resources. To quantify the ability of LCTA protocols to detect resource changes, power analysis techniques were used to estimate
minimum detectable effect sizes (MDES) for selected primary and secondary management variables for three Army installations.
MDES for a subset of primary variables were estimated using data from 27 installation LCTA programs. MDES for primary and
secondary variables varied widely. However, LCTA programs implemented at larger installations with lower sampling intensities
detected changes in installation resources as well as programs implemented at smaller more intensively sampled installations.
As a national monitoring program that is implemented at individual installations, LCTA protocols provide relatively consistent
monitoring data to detect changes in resources despite diverse resource characteristics and implementation constraints. 相似文献
102.
M.S. Bedinger James R. Harrill 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(4):827-839
ABSTRACT: Devils Hole is a collapse depression connected to the regional carbonate aquifer of the Death Valley ground water flow system. Devils Hole pool is home to an endangered pupfish that was threatened when irrigation pumping in nearby Ash Meadows lowered the pool stage in the 1960s. Pumping at Ash Meadows ultimately ceased, and the stage recovered until 1988, when it began to decline, a trend that continued until at least 2004. Regional ground water pumping and changes in recharge are considered the principal potential stresses causing long term stage changes. A regression was found between pumpage and Devils Hole water levels. Though precipitation in distant mountain ranges is the source of recharge to the flow system, the stage of Devils Hole shows small change in stage from 1937 to 1963, a period during which ground water withdrawals were small and the major stress on stage would have been recharge. Multiple regression analyses, made by including the cumulative departure from normal precipitation with pumpage as independent variables, did not improve the regression. Drawdown at Devils Hole was calculated by the Theis Equation for nearby pumping centers to incorporate time delay and drawdown attenuation. The Theis drawdowns were used as surrogates for pumpage in multiple regression analyses. The model coefficient for the regression, R2= 0.982, indicated that changes in Devils Hole were largely due to effects of pumping at Ash Meadows, Amargosa Desert, and Army 1. 相似文献
103.
Aaron C. Kite‐Powell Anna K. Harding 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(4):975-987
ABSTRACT: Approximately 4.5 million people in the United States who rely on well water are exposed to nitrate‐N concentrations exceeding the 10 mg/l standard. In this study in the Southern Willamette Valley in Oregon we reassessed nitrate‐N in rural wells sampled in 2000–2001, compared nitrate‐N concentrations among geological units, and surveyed residents about their perceptions of well water quality. Nitrate‐N concentrations were again sampled in 2002 and found to have increased significantly from the previous period. With rapid population growth in the area, the potential health risk in drinking well water that exceeds 10 mg/l nitrate‐N warrants continued public education. Nitrate‐N concentrations were found to be higher in the Holocene alluvium of the Willamette River and the Pleistocene sand and gravel post‐Missoula Flood deposits. Researchers conducting future studies may choose to stratify and monitor wells by geologic unit and by other parameters that estimate input of nutrients to the environment. Opinions differed between agricultural landowners and nonagricultural landowners with regard to the impact that agricultural fertilizers may have on water quality. Participants were supportive of a range of regulatory actions that might be used by homeowners or landowners to address ground water contamination. Given that the area is now designated a Groundwater Management Area, understanding local stakeholders’perceptions is critical and strategic and has the potential to help public agencies manage potential conflicts of opinion among stakeholders, build consensus, and help guide the approach to restoring ground water quality. 相似文献
104.
Jessica Sargent‐Michaud Kevin J. Boyle Andrew E. Smith 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(5):1237-1245
ABSTRACT: This study was undertaken to investigate the cost effectiveness of selected arsenic avoidance methods. Annual costs of reverse osmosis (RO), activated alumina (AA), bottled water, and rented and purchased water coolers for various household sizes in Maine were compared. Relative ranking of systems shows that RO ($411 annually) is the most cost effective, followed by AA ($518) and one‐gallon jugs of water ($321 to $1,285), respectively, for households larger than one person. One‐gallon jugs ($321) followed by 2.5‐gallon jugs ($358) of water were found to be the most cost effective for households of one person or for households with arsenic III concentrations of 0.02 to 0.06 mg/L and arsenic V concentrations of 0.08 to 1.0 mg/L. Point‐of‐entry systems and water coolers were not found to be cost effective under any of the study's conditions. The research reported here will help states make more definitive treatment recommendations to households regarding the cost effectiveness of alternative treatment systems to reduce arsenic concentrations below 0.01 mg/L. While arsenic removal technologies are improving, which enhances removal rates and reduces costs, the major insights from this analysis appear to be reinforced by technological improvements. 相似文献
105.
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107.
A survey was carried out to determine the effect of prenatal screening and therapeutic abortion on births in 1985 with anencephaly and spina bifida in England and Wales. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein tests were done on 399 288 women (60 per cent of pregnant women): 4 per cent were reported as being screen-positive and 1 per cent had an amniocentesis. An estimated 534 pregnancies associated with anencephaly were terminated and an estimated 445 pregnancies associated with spina bifida (but without anencephaly) were terminated. Most (63 per cent) of the anencephalic pregnancies were first suspected from an ultrasound examination; 57 per cent of the spina bifida pregnancies were first suspected from a positive maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein test, 35 per cent by ultrasound, and the remaining 8 per cent by other means. The birth prevalence of anencephaly declined by 94 per cent between 1964–1972 and 1985, but when the terminations of pregnancy on account of having a fetus with anencephaly are added to the births the decline in prevalence was only 50 per cent. The birth prevalence of spina bifida declined by 68 per cent over the same period but when the terminations were added to the births the decline in prevalence was only 32 per cent. Among births with anencephaly 66 per cent had had no screening or diagnostic tests in early pregnancy, but in those that did nearly all were positive–usually in twin pregnancies where one fetus was affected but not the other. Among births with spina bifida, 48 per cent had no tests and in those that did the results were mainly negative. We conclude that in order to monitor adequately the national screening programme for anencephaly and spina bifida a special neural tube defects register should be formed. 相似文献
108.
提出建立农业面源污染动态监控系统的技术构思,构筑了“辽宁省农业面源污染动态监控系统”的功能及运行机制的构架,阐述了推进此动态监控系统完善的研究方案与系统实施的保证措施。 相似文献
109.
以某取水河道的某一次监测结果为例子,以GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》为依据,探讨运用模糊数学对水源水进行分析的方法,绘制圆形比例图,显示各种污染物对水源水质"贡献",从而列出风险污染物清单,以便在工程中采用适当的处理工艺. 相似文献
110.
介绍位于纽约州北汉姆斯特城的PortWashington城市固体废弃物填埋场填埋气体的排放、监测和处理系统及其有关测试数据和从中得到的启示. 相似文献